Definition and Epidemiology Thyroid eye disease (TED), also known as Graves’ orbitopathy (GO) or thyroid-associated orbitopathy (TAO), is an organ-specific autoimmune disorder characterized by inflammation, fibrosis, and expansion of the…
What is blepharoplasty? Blepharoplasty (eyelid surgery) is a plastic surgery operation that is commonly performed to treat common signs of aging that develop around your eyes by MODIFYING the EYE…
COVID19 Delta variant overview It is the nature of a virus to change in order to adapt and survive. New strains of a virus emerge when the virus undergoes one…
Definition & Diagnostic Evolution Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID), formerly termed Multiple Personality Disorder, is a complex, trauma-related psychiatric condition characterized by the presence of two or more distinct personality states…
Revised with reference to current diagnostic criteria (2017 Fourth Consensus Report of the DLB Consortium), recent pathophysiological insights, and evidence-based management guidelines (including 2022–2024 updates from the American Academy of…
Lambda Variant overview Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, the novel coronavirus had undergone mutations in order to survive and adapt leading to deadlier and more infectious strains.The COVID-19…
When asked about asthma vs COPD, people often think both are the same. Well, it is a misconception. Asthma Asthma is an obstructive lung disease. It is characterized by inflammation…
Updated per 2024 evidence base (including guidelines from the National Organization for Rare Disorders [NORD], American Academy of Dermatology [AAD], European Reference Network for Rare Skin Diseases [ERN-SKIN], and recent…
Prepared for Clinicians – Includes Diagnostic Criteria, Epidemiology, Differential Diagnosis, Neurobiological Considerations, and Evidence-Based Management Strategies Definition and Historical Context The term “Truman Syndrome” (or Truman Show Delusion, TSD) refers…
Updated per Current Evidence (2023–2024 Guidelines from CDC, WHO, ECDC, and Peer-Reviewed Literature) Etiology & Causative Agents Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a highly contagious, typically acute febrile…
Updated per current CDC, IDSA, and ECDC guidelines (2023–2024); evidence synthesized from peer-reviewed literature including New England Journal of Medicine, Clinical Infectious Diseases, Pediatrics, and The Lancet Infectious Diseases. Etiology…
Definition & Clinical Context “Cave syndrome” is not an officially recognized diagnostic entity in either the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR) or the…
Definition & Classification Evans syndrome (ES) is a rare, life-threatening autoimmune cytopenia defined by the concurrent or sequential occurrence of two or more immune-mediated blood cytopenias, most commonly: Immune thrombocytopenia…
Revised with emphasis on pathophysiology, modern classification, diagnostic algorithms, and evidence-based management—updated to 2024 guidelines and literature (including recent trials and consensus statements from the Inherited Neuropathies Consortium, AAN, and…
What is black fungus? Mucormycosis, often known as black fungus, is a very rare but hazardous fungus that infects people with weak immune systems. It causes black fungus disease. The…
