Medicine

Medicine
Comprehensive Clinical Review: Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL) Injuries — Epidemiology, Pathoanatomy, Diagnosis, Evidence-Based Management, and Rehabilitation
Bydoctorcostamed January 11, 2022April 20, 2026
1. Introduction & Anatomical Context The medial collateral ligament (MCL) is a broad, flat, extracapsular ligamentous structure that provides primary resistance to valgus stress at the knee—particularly between 0° and 30° of flexion—and contributes secondary restraint to anterior tibial translation and external rotation. It originates from the medial epicondyle of the femur and inserts broadly…
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Medicine
Clinical Management of Mallet Finger: A Comprehensive Review
Bydoctorcostamed January 6, 2022April 18, 2026
Overview Mallet finger is a disruption of the terminal extensor tendon’s insertion into the distal phalanx at the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint. This injury results in an inability to actively extend the DIP joint, creating the characteristic “drop” deformity. While common in athletes (e.g., basketball, baseball), it is a critical clinical entity because improper management…
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Medicine
How To Use Acupressure To Reduce Pain And Headache?
ByPrince Raphael D Costa December 16, 2021July 17, 2025
Acupressure Headache is one of the common problems that most people face. Headaches are excruciating and act as blockers to your concentration levels. It is also impossible for you to concentrate on your work properly if you have a headache due to pain. There are many ways to reduce the pain, such as massage with…
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Medicine
Turner Syndrome Karyotype and Other Details
Bydoctorcostamed December 13, 2021April 18, 2026
Overview and Pathophysiology Turner Syndrome is a complex multi-system genetic disorder affecting females, characterized by the complete or partial loss of one X chromosome. While classic 45,X monosomy accounts for approximately 50% of cases, the remaining cases involve mosaicism (e.g., 45,X/46,XX) or structural X-chromosome abnormalities (e.g., isochromosome X). Key Clinical Nuances: Clinical Presentation & Systemic…
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Medicine
Necrobiosis Lipoidica Diabeticorum
Bydoctorcostamed November 27, 2021April 18, 2026
Necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum (NLD) Necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum are the skin lesions usually associated with diabetes mellitus, often painless, and found over both shins. Occasionally these lesions can be painful. well-circumscribed oval plaques on the anterior surface of lower legs with shiny surface, yellow, waxy and atrophic center and telangiectasias with red-brown margins. It is a…
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Medicine
Catheter-related bloodstream infection – CRBSI
ByPrince Raphael D Costa November 18, 2021July 17, 2025
What is CRBSI? CRBSI often confused with CLABSI (Central line associated bloodstream infection) is the one in which a patient clinically shows the signs of bloodstream infection with precise laboratory findings where the source of infection is clearly identified as the intravenous catheter placed into the patient’s body at any time and is still on….
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Medicine
Central-line associated bloodstream infection – CLABSI
ByPrince Raphael D Costa November 18, 2021July 17, 2025
What is CLABSI? CLABSI- “Central line associated bloodstream infection” is a type of HAI (Hospital Acquired Infection) that occurs through a central venous catheter inserted into the human body provided that the patient had had a central line within 48 hours prior to the development of bloodstream infection. Central Venous Catheter is an intravascular device…
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Medicine
3 Pros and Cons of Taking a Supplement to Lose weight
ByPrince Raphael D Costa November 1, 2021July 17, 2025
Weight loss suppliments When it comes to supplements, weight loss is among the most popular, with a significant number of ones trying different pills and potions to lose a few pounds fast. You need to know about supplements because they are not tested for safety, and any federal authority does not regulate their ingredients. It…
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Medicine
CAUTI – Catheter-associated Urinary Tract Infections
Bydoctorcostamed October 27, 2021April 18, 2026
Overview and Epidemiology Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection (CAUTI) is defined as a urinary tract infection where an indwelling urinary catheter was in place during the patient’s hospitalization or upon admission, or was inserted within the preceding 48 hours. CAUTIs represent a significant burden on healthcare systems, accounting for approximately 75% of all hospital-acquired UTIs and…
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Medicine
Clinical Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock: A Physician’s Guide
Bydoctorcostamed October 27, 2021April 18, 2026
Pathophysiology and Terminology: Distinguishing Septicaemia from Sepsis In clinical practice, the terms “septicaemia” and “sepsis” are often used interchangeably by patients, but they represent distinct pathophysiological states. Risk Stratification and Predisposing Factors While any infection can trigger sepsis, clinicians should maintain a high index of suspicion in patients with compromised host defenses: Clinical Presentation and…
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Medicine
Comprehensive Clinical Update on Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Management, and Emerging Therapeutics
Bydoctorcostamed October 27, 2021April 20, 2026
Epidemiology & Inheritance Pattern – Beyond Basic Genetics Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is a severe, progressive, X-linked recessive myopathy caused by mutations in the DMD gene (Xp21.2), encoding the 427-kDa dystrophin protein. Incidence: ~1:3,500–5,000 live male births (Tan et al., Neurology, 2022; Bushby et al., Lancet Neurol, 2023). Molecular Pathogenesis – From Gene to Functional…
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Medicine
I Have A Headache, What Should I Do?
ByPrince Raphael D Costa October 21, 2021July 17, 2025
I have a headache, what should I do? It is a very common question in a doctor\’s life. It is a simple question but the answer to this is complex. Everybody experiences headaches at some point in their life. The cause behind this headache can be a very simple one e.g. lack of sleep or…
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Medicine
My COVID-19 Vaccination Experience
ByPrince Raphael D Costa October 10, 2021July 17, 2025
I recently received the second dose of the Pfizer vaccine. In this article, I am going to share my experience with the Pfizer vaccine and the side effects I have had. The first dose experience I received the first dose of vaccine in the morning. They administered the vaccine over my left arm (deltoid muscle)….
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Medicine
Breast Cancer, Mammogram, Her2 Positive, Mastectomy – Dr. Samanta
ByCostaMedic October 2, 2021April 19, 2026
Breast cancer overview When some cells of the breast begin to grow abnormally, breast cancer develops. These cells divide at a faster rate than healthy cells and continue to grow, producing an abnormal or irregular lump or mass. Cancer cells in your breast may spread (metastasize) to your lymph nodes in the underarms or other…
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Medicine
What Are The Signs Of Alcohol Problems?
Bydoctorcostamed October 1, 2021April 19, 2026
Introduction You might have heard about alcoholism, alcohol abuse, or alcohol dependence. These terms are presently viewed as a component of a range called Alcohol Misuse Disorder. The alcohol-use issue is alcohol use that comprises of problems such as controlling your drinking, being engrossed with alcohol, and using alcohol. However, it causes problems such as…
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