Comprehensive Clinical Update on Thromboangiitis Obliterans (Buerger’s Disease): Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Evidence-Based Management

Authored for the practicing physician—updated to reflect 2023–2024 guidelines and peer-reviewed literature I. Introduction & Definition Thromboangiitis obliterans (TAO), or Buerger’s disease, is a rare, non-atherosclerotic, inflammatory occlusive vasculopathy primarily…

Continue ReadingComprehensive Clinical Update on Thromboangiitis Obliterans (Buerger’s Disease): Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Evidence-Based Management

Thyroid Eye Disease (TED): A Comprehensive, Evidence-Based Update for Clinicians

Definition and Epidemiology Thyroid eye disease (TED), also known as Graves’ orbitopathy (GO) or thyroid-associated orbitopathy (TAO), is an organ-specific autoimmune disorder characterized by inflammation, fibrosis, and expansion of the…

Continue ReadingThyroid Eye Disease (TED): A Comprehensive, Evidence-Based Update for Clinicians

Lewy Body Dementia (LBD): A Comprehensive Clinical Overview for Physicians

Revised with reference to current diagnostic criteria (2017 Fourth Consensus Report of the DLB Consortium), recent pathophysiological insights, and evidence-based management guidelines (including 2022–2024 updates from the American Academy of…

Continue ReadingLewy Body Dementia (LBD): A Comprehensive Clinical Overview for Physicians