1. Overview and Chemical Profile Cyclopentolate hydrochloride ophthalmic solution (CPH) is a topical mydriatic and cycloplegic agent widely used in ophthalmology to induce pupil dilation (mydriasis) and paralysis of the…
What is ZERBAXA? ZERBAXA is a prescription antibiotic medication composed of two active ingredients: Ceftolozane: A next-generation cephalosporin antibiotic effective against a broad spectrum of Gram-negative bacteria, including multidrug-resistant strains…
What is Eylea? Eylea is a prescription medication that is used to treat wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Additionally, it is utilized to treat diabetic eye disease and other retinal…
Topamax (topiramate) was first licensed by the FDA as a seizure drug (also known as an anticonvulsant). Topiramate is a drug that is used to treat seizures in adults and…
CRESEMBA (Isavuconazonium sulfate) is a prescription medication used to treat specific forms of fungal infections in the blood or body known as \"aspergillosis\" and \"mucormycosis\" in adults 18 years of…
Age-Related Macular Degeneration (ARMD) is the most prevalent cause of visual impairment in people over the age of 50 in the Western world, and the leading cause of blind registration…
Introduction Harlequin ichthyosis (HI) is an exceptionally rare, autosomal recessive, genodermatosis characterized by profound abnormalities in epidermal barrier formation, leading to life-threatening complications in the neonatal period. It is the…
Definition & EpidemiologyToxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) is a rare, life-threatening immune-mediated adverse drug reaction characterized by widespread apoptosis of keratinocytes leading to acute skin and mucosal detachment, resembling severe burn…
1. Definition and Classification CLOVES syndrome (Congenital Lipomatous Overgrowth, Vascular Malformations, Epidermal Nevi, Skeletal/Spinal Anomalies) is a rare, complex mosaic overgrowth disorder belonging to the broader category of PIK3CA-Related Overgrowth…
Authored for Clinicians | Updated per 2023–2024 Guidelines & Literature Definition and Epidemiology Argyria (Greek argyros, “silver”) is a rare, irreversible dermal deposition disorder caused by chronic exposure to elemental…
Introduction Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) is a spectrum of lymphoid proliferations associated primarily with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection in the context of solid organ or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. PTLD…
Arteriosclerosis refers to the thickening and loss of elasticity in arterial walls. While encompassing several subtypes (e.g., Mönckeberg’s medial calcific sclerosis, arterial calcification), atherosclerosis—a specific, progressive inflammatory disorder—is the principal…
Definition and Epidemiology Furunculosis refers to recurrent or multiple furuncles—deep, painful, inflamed nodules resulting from suppurative infection of the hair follicle and adjacent dermal/subcutaneous tissue. When multiple adjacent follicles coalesce,…
Nausea, indigestion, and heartburn are common complaints I get everyday from my patients. People think something is wrong with their tummy. Maybe they have an ulcer in their stomach. But…
Based on current KDIGO guidelines (2024 updates), ASNC position statements, and recent peer-reviewed evidence (UpToDate 2024, NEJM 2023;389:1517–1528; Nat Rev Nephrol 2022;18:653–668) I. Acute Interstitial Nephritis (AIN) Definition & PathophysiologyAcute…
