Introduction Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) is a spectrum of lymphoid proliferations associated primarily with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection in the context of solid organ or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. PTLD…
Arteriosclerosis refers to the thickening and loss of elasticity in arterial walls. While encompassing several subtypes (e.g., Mönckeberg’s medial calcific sclerosis, arterial calcification), atherosclerosis—a specific, progressive inflammatory disorder—is the principal…
Definition and Epidemiology Furunculosis refers to recurrent or multiple furuncles—deep, painful, inflamed nodules resulting from suppurative infection of the hair follicle and adjacent dermal/subcutaneous tissue. When multiple adjacent follicles coalesce,…
Nausea, indigestion, and heartburn are common complaints I get everyday from my patients. People think something is wrong with their tummy. Maybe they have an ulcer in their stomach. But…
Based on current KDIGO guidelines (2024 updates), ASNC position statements, and recent peer-reviewed evidence (UpToDate 2024, NEJM 2023;389:1517–1528; Nat Rev Nephrol 2022;18:653–668) I. Acute Interstitial Nephritis (AIN) Definition & PathophysiologyAcute…
Introduction: Genomic Imprinting on Chromosome 15q11-q13 Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS) and Angelman Syndrome (AS) are classic examples of genomic imprinting, where the expression of a gene depends on its parental origin.…
1. Overview and Epidemiology Chagas disease, or American Trypanosomiasis, is a systemic zoonotic infection caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. While traditionally endemic to rural areas of Latin America,…
Allergic rhinitis (runny nose) is the allergic reaction of the inner lining of the nose to some environmental substances. Different individuals are allergic to different substances. Some common allergens causing…
Epidemiology & Global Burden Onchocerciasis, caused by the parasitic nematode Onchocerca volvulus, remains the second leading cause of infective blindness globally—after trachoma—despite massive control efforts. As of 2023, endemic transmission…
Overview and Epidemiology Rotavirus remains one of the leading causes of severe, dehydrating gastroenteritis in infants and young children worldwide. While the introduction of rotavirus vaccines has significantly reduced hospitalizations…
1. Introduction & Anatomical Context The medial collateral ligament (MCL) is a broad, flat, extracapsular ligamentous structure that provides primary resistance to valgus stress at the knee—particularly between 0° and…
Overview Mallet finger is a disruption of the terminal extensor tendon's insertion into the distal phalanx at the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint. This injury results in an inability to actively…
Acupressure Headache is one of the common problems that most people face. Headaches are excruciating and act as blockers to your concentration levels. It is also impossible for you to…
Overview and Pathophysiology Turner Syndrome is a complex multi-system genetic disorder affecting females, characterized by the complete or partial loss of one X chromosome. While classic 45,X monosomy accounts for…
Necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum (NLD) Necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum are the skin lesions usually associated with diabetes mellitus, often painless, and found over both shins. Occasionally these lesions can be painful. well-circumscribed…
