Prepared for the practicing clinician 1. Definition and Epidemiology Addison’s disease—more accurately termed chronic primary adrenal insufficiency (AI)—is a life-threatening endocrine disorder characterized by the near-total loss of functional adrenal…
Prepared for the practicing oncologist, urologist, or internist. Epidemiology & Risk Stratification Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) accounts for ~90% of all primary malignant renal tumors in adults and remains a…
1. Definition and Epidemiology HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) is a distinct, rapidly progressive form of collapsing focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) occurring predominantly in individuals infected with HIV-1—particularly those of African ancestry.…
Prepared for the practicing clinician — updated to reflect 2023–2024 guidelines from KDIGO, ASN, EULAR, and major randomized trials 1. Definition & Pathophysiological Basis Glomerulonephritis (GN) refers to a heterogeneous…
Prepared for the practicing clinician — updated per 2024 KDIGO Guidelines, ADA Standards of Care (2024), NICE Guideline NG268 (2023 update), and recent high-quality meta-analyses. I. Pathophysiology & Clinical Definition…
Prepared for the practicing physician – updated with 2023–2024 guidelines and recent high-quality evidence Definition & Pathophysiology Acute pyelonephritis is a bacterial infection of the renal parenchyma and collecting system,…
Definition & Pathophysiology Unstable angina (UA) is a form of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) characterized by myocardial ischemia at rest or with minimal exertion, due to dynamic obstruction from thrombus…
Overview Aortic valve regurgitation, also known as aortic regurgitation, is a condition in which the aortic valve of the heart does not seal tightly. As a result, a portion of…
Prepared for the practicing physician with emphasis on pathophysiologic mechanisms, risk stratification, diagnostic accuracy, evidence-based medical and interventional management, and prevention strategies. Epidemiology & Risk Factors: Contemporary Data Incidence &…
Definition and Pathophysiology Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) is a chronic sequela of acute rheumatic fever (ARF), an autoimmune disorder triggered by group A Streptococcus (GAS) pharyngitis—not skin infections (though the…
I. Definition & Epidemiology: Beyond “Juvenile-Onset” Diabetes Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) is an immune-mediated disorder characterized by progressive, T cell–mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells leading to absolute or near-absolute…
Prepared for Clinicians 1. Definition & Anatomic Classification A urinary tract infection (UTI) is defined as the presence of pathogenic microorganisms in the urinary tract accompanied by host inflammatory response.…
Prepared for the Practicing Clinician – Evidence-Based Overview with Emphasis on Clinical Decision-Making 1. Disease Classification and Genetic Basis Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) encompasses two major hereditary forms—autosomal dominant PKD…
Prepared with reference to 2023–2024 guidelines from the American College of Rheumatology (ACR), European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology (EULAR), Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO), and peer-reviewed literature (e.g.,…
Prepared for the Practicing Cardiologist or Internal Medicine Physician 1. Definition & Epidemiology Congenital heart disease (CHD) refers to structural abnormalities of the heart or great vessels present at birth,…
