Nutcracker Syndrome: Pathophysiology, Clinical Manifestations, Diagnostic Evaluation, and Evidence-Based Management Strategies
Introduction and Pathophysiology Nutcracker syndrome (NCS), formally termed left renal vein entrapment syndrome, is a vascular disorder characterized by extrinsic compression of the left renal vein (LRV) between the abdominal aorta (AA) anteriorly and the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) posteriorly. This anatomical narrowing—termed the aortomesenteric pinch—occurs in approximately 5–10 mm at the LRV–aortic interface, with…
