I. Pathobiology & Epidemiology Breast cancer arises from somatic mutations in breast epithelial cells—primarily in ductal or lobular lineages—leading to dysregulated proliferation, evasion of apoptosis, and genomic instability. The majority…
Authored for the Hematology Community | Updated in Accordance with 2023–2024 Guidelines (ASH, EHA, WFH, NICE, Thalassaemia International Federation) 1. Introduction and Epidemiology Thalassemia is a group of inherited hemoglobinopathies…
I. Introduction & Epidemiology Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) refers to a group of disorders characterized by progressive scarring of the lung parenchyma, leading to impaired gas exchange, reduced lung compliance, and…
Prepared in Accordance with KDIGO 2024 Guidelines, ASIP 2023 Consensus, and Latest Clinical Trials (as of Q2 2024) 1. Definition, Epidemiology, and Burden Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is defined by…
Introduction Upper gastrointestinal (UGI) bleeding remains one of the most common acute gastrointestinal emergencies, accounting for 100–300 cases per 100,000 person-years in Western populations, with a mortality rate persisting at…
Introduction: Why This Matters Now More Than Ever Pulmonary embolism (PE)—the occlusion of one or more pulmonary arterial branches by thrombus, most commonly of deep venous origin—remains a leading cause…
Introduction Cauda equina syndrome (CES) is a rare but devastating neurological emergency resulting from compression of the lumbosacral nerve roots within the lumbar spinal canal. With an estimated incidence of…
Kegel exercises (often called “pelvic floor exercises”) are simple squeezes and relaxations of the muscles that support your bladder, bowel, and (for many people) the uterus or prostate. When done…
Addiction doesn’t always start with a bad choice — often, it begins with curiosity, comfort, or even medical need.From your morning cup of coffee to prescription pills and party drugs,…
Entering your 40s often comes with subtle yet meaningful changes in your body’s metabolism — shifts that, if unmanaged, can accelerate the rise of chronic conditions such as diabetes, cardiovascular…
The last two years have transformed medical treatment for obesity. Weekly “metabolic” injections are helping many people lose 15–25% of body weight—approaching results once seen only with bariatric surgery—and some…
I. Conceptual Framework: Defining Healthy Aging in Modern Geriatrics The World Health Organization (WHO) defines healthy aging as “the process of developing and maintaining the functional ability that enables well-being…
I. Introduction: Framing Aging as a Multidimensional Clinical Phenomenon Aging is no longer viewed solely as passive decline but as a dynamic biological process modulated by genetic, epigenetic, metabolic, immunologic,…
Hey everyone! đź‘‹ Today, we’re diving into a topic that’s super important but rarely talked about—commonly prescribed medications with rare but devastating side effects. The Hidden Dangers of Antidepressants (SSRIs)First up: SSRIs like Lexapro,…
I. Definition and Pathophysiology: Beyond “Leaky Kidneys” Proteinuria is defined as urinary protein excretion >150 mg/day in adults (KDIGO 2024). Physiologically, the glomerular filtration barrier—composed of fenestrated endothelium, glomerular basement…
