mRNA Cancer Vaccines: Mechanisms, Clinical Progress, Challenges, and Future Directions
1. Introduction: Beyond Infectious Disease—The Emergence of Therapeutic mRNA Vaccines in Oncology While mRNA vaccines for infectious diseases (e.g., SARS-CoV-2) have captured global attention, their application in oncology represents a paradigm shift toward personalized, immune-directed cancer therapy. Unlike prophylactic infectious disease vaccines, therapeutic cancer vaccines are administered to existing patients to elicit or enhance anti-tumor…
