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Tag: congenital heart disease
Tricuspid Atresia
Tricuspid atresia is a congenital malformation of the tricuspid valve, which regulates blood flow from the right atrium (upper right chamber of the heart) to the right ventricle (lower right chamber of the heart). Tricuspid atresia occurs when this valve fails to develop, preventing the flow of oxygenated blood from the right atrium to the…
Ebstein anomaly – epidemiology, signs, symptoms, treatment
1. 🔍 Definition & Pathophysiology Ebstein anomaly is a rare congenital cardiac defect characterized by downward (apical) displacement of the septal and posterior leaflets of the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle, resulting in “atrialization” of a portion of the RV and dilatation of the right atrium. Leaflets may be tethered or fenestrated, with an…
Down Syndrome: An Evidence-Based Overview for Medical Professionals
Definition Down syndrome (DS), also known as Trisomy 21, is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of a full or partial extra copy of chromosome 21. This chromosomal abnormality disrupts typical development and results in a spectrum of cognitive, physical, and medical challenges. Three cytogenetic types are recognized: Epidemiology Clinical Features Craniofacial and Musculoskeletal:…