Comprehensive Clinical Update on Thromboangiitis Obliterans (Buerger’s Disease): Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Evidence-Based Management
Authored for the practicing physician—updated to reflect 2023–2024 guidelines and peer-reviewed literature I. Introduction & Definition Thromboangiitis obliterans (TAO), or Buerger’s disease, is a rare, non-atherosclerotic, inflammatory occlusive vasculopathy primarily affecting small- and medium-sized arteries, veins, and nerves of the upper and lower extremities. It is characterized by segmental thrombosis, vasculitis, and microvascular remodeling, leading…
