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Tag: melanoma
Nivolumab (Opdivo®): An Evidence-Based Overview (2025)
Nivolumab is a fully human IgG4 monoclonal antibody that targets the programmed death-1 (PD-1) receptor. By modulating immune checkpoints, nivolumab enhances the body’s antitumor immune response and has transformed the therapeutic landscape for various advanced malignancies. Mechanism of Action The PD-1 receptor, expressed on activated T cells, binds its ligands PD-L1 and PD-L2, typically upregulated…
Keytruda (Pembrolizumab): A Comprehensive 2025 Clinical Overview
Keytruda® (generic: pembrolizumab) is a humanized monoclonal antibody that works as an immune checkpoint inhibitor, targeting PD-1 (programmed death-1) to restore anti-tumor immune responses. First approved by the FDA in 2014, it has since become a cornerstone in modern oncology across a wide array of solid and hematologic malignancies. 🧬 Mechanism of Action Pembrolizumab blocks…
Ipilimumab – Indications, Dosage, and Side Effects
What is Ipilimumab? Ipilimumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody that targets CTLA-4 (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4), a key immune checkpoint receptor that downregulates immune activation. By blocking CTLA-4, ipilimumab enhances T-cell activation and proliferation, promoting an immune response against cancer cells. It is primarily used in combination with nivolumab (anti-PD-1 antibody) for treating various advanced…