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Tag: anticancer
Nivolumab (Opdivo®): An Evidence-Based Overview (2025)
Nivolumab is a fully human IgG4 monoclonal antibody that targets the programmed death-1 (PD-1) receptor. By modulating immune checkpoints, nivolumab enhances the body’s antitumor immune response and has transformed the therapeutic landscape for various advanced malignancies. Mechanism of Action The PD-1 receptor, expressed on activated T cells, binds its ligands PD-L1 and PD-L2, typically upregulated…
Cabozantinib (Cabometyx®, Cometriq®): A 2025 Clinical Overview
Cabozantinib is an oral tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) used in the treatment of several advanced and metastatic cancers. It inhibits multiple pathways involved in tumor growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis, making it an important agent in targeted cancer therapy. Mechanism of Action Cabozantinib is a multi-kinase inhibitor that targets and inhibits several receptor tyrosine kinases implicated…
Ipilimumab – Indications, Dosage, and Side Effects
What is Ipilimumab? Ipilimumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody that targets CTLA-4 (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4), a key immune checkpoint receptor that downregulates immune activation. By blocking CTLA-4, ipilimumab enhances T-cell activation and proliferation, promoting an immune response against cancer cells. It is primarily used in combination with nivolumab (anti-PD-1 antibody) for treating various advanced…