Category: Medicine
What is Celiac disease, signs, diet, diagnosis, and treatment
1. Definition Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune enteropathy triggered by ingestion of gluten-containing grains—specifically wheat, rye, barley, and some oats—in genetically predisposed individuals (HLA-DQ2/DQ8) resulting in small intestinal villous atrophy, malabsorption, and systemic symptoms. 2. Epidemiology 3. Genetics & Pathophysiology 4. Clinical Manifestations Gastrointestinal (GI) Extra-Intestinal 5. Associated Conditions 6. Dermatitis Herpetiformis 7. Diagnosis…
What is gout? Symptoms, treatment, and complications.
🔍 What Is Gout? Gout is the most common crystalline inflammatory arthritis, resulting from deposition of monosodium urate (MSU) crystals in joints and soft tissues; this typically occurs when serum uric acid exceeds ~6.8 mg/dL, exceeding crystallization thresholds OHSU+15PMC+15BioMed Central+15. The first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint (podagra) is affected in ~50% of cases. Gout flares are driven…
Kawasaki Disease: A Modern Clinical Overview for Medical Students
Definition Kawasaki Disease (KD) is an acute, self-limited vasculitis that predominantly affects small to medium-sized arteries, with a particular predilection for the coronary arteries. Although its exact etiology remains unknown, it is believed to involve abnormal immune activation in genetically predisposed children, likely triggered by infectious agents. ✅ KD is the leading cause of acquired…
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
1. Introduction ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. These symptoms may significantly impair functioning in academic, social, or occupational domains. 2. Epidemiology 3. Risk Factors 4. Neurobiology and Pathophysiology 5. Diagnostic Criteria (DSM‑5) At least six symptoms of inattention and/or hyperactivity–impulsivity must be present for ≥6 months to a degree…
What is Clinical Depression? Diagnosis, treatment
Introduction Depression, also called Major depressive disorder or clinical depression, is a serious mood disorder causing a prolonged feeling of extreme sadness, low mood, lack of interest, etc. that interferes with everyday activities resulting in lower productivity and some chronic health conditions. It is a normal part of life to feel down because sad and…
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS): An Evidence-Based Update for Medical Professionals
Introduction Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive neuromodulation technique that delivers low-intensity direct current (typically 0.5 to 2 mA) to the cerebral cortex via surface electrodes placed on the scalp. It modulates cortical excitability by altering resting membrane potentials without directly inducing neuronal action potentials. Depending on polarity: These effects are subthreshold, but…
Down Syndrome: An Evidence-Based Overview for Medical Professionals
Definition Down syndrome (DS), also known as Trisomy 21, is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of a full or partial extra copy of chromosome 21. This chromosomal abnormality disrupts typical development and results in a spectrum of cognitive, physical, and medical challenges. Three cytogenetic types are recognized: Epidemiology Clinical Features Craniofacial and Musculoskeletal:…