Acute Pyelonephritis: Clinical Overview, Evidence-Based Management, and Contemporary Considerations
Prepared for the practicing physician – updated with 2023–2024 guidelines and recent high-quality evidence Definition & Pathophysiology Acute pyelonephritis is a bacterial infection of the renal parenchyma and collecting system, typically ascending from the lower urinary tract (urethra → bladder → ureters → kidney). Less commonly, it arises via hematogenous spread (e.g., in endocarditis or…
