graves

Definition and Epidemiology Thyroid eye disease (TED), also known as Graves’ orbitopathy (GO) or thyroid-associated orbitopathy (TAO), is an organ-specific autoimmune disorder characterized by inflammation, fibrosis, and expansion of the orbital tissues—including extraocular muscles, adipose tissue, and connective tissue—leading to proptosis, diplopia, periorbital edema, and potentially vision-threatening complications. It occurs most commonly (80–90%) in patients…