Comprehensive Update on Urothelial Carcinoma of the Bladder: Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis, Staging, and Evidence-Based Management for Clinicians
Epidemiology and Pathobiology Urothelial carcinoma (UC), formerly termed transitional cell carcinoma (TCC), accounts for >90% of primary bladder malignancies and remains the fifth most common cancer in the United States and among the top 10 globally. Incidence is ~3–4-fold higher in males (male-to-female ratio ~3:1 to 4:1), with median age at diagnosis now exceeding 73…
