Comprehensive Clinical Review: Proteinuria—Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Risk Stratification, and Evidence-Based Management
I. Definition and Pathophysiology: Beyond “Leaky Kidneys” Proteinuria is defined as urinary protein excretion >150 mg/day in adults (KDIGO 2024). Physiologically, the glomerular filtration barrier—composed of fenestrated endothelium, glomerular basement…
