Category: Medicine
What is Celiac disease, signs, diet, diagnosis, and treatment
1. Definition Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune enteropathy triggered by ingestion of gluten-containing grains—specifically wheat, rye, barley, and some oats—in genetically predisposed individuals (HLA-DQ2/DQ8) resulting in small intestinal villous atrophy, malabsorption, and systemic symptoms. 2. Epidemiology 3. Genetics & Pathophysiology 4. Clinical Manifestations Gastrointestinal (GI) Extra-Intestinal 5. Associated Conditions 6. Dermatitis Herpetiformis 7. Diagnosis…
What is gout? Symptoms, treatment, and complications.
🔍 What Is Gout? Gout is the most common crystalline inflammatory arthritis, resulting from deposition of monosodium urate (MSU) crystals in joints and soft tissues; this typically occurs when serum uric acid exceeds ~6.8 mg/dL, exceeding crystallization thresholds OHSU+15PMC+15BioMed Central+15. The first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint (podagra) is affected in ~50% of cases. Gout flares are driven…
Kawasaki Disease: A Modern Clinical Overview for Medical Students
Definition Kawasaki Disease (KD) is an acute, self-limited vasculitis that predominantly affects small to medium-sized arteries, with a particular predilection for the coronary arteries. Although its exact etiology remains unknown, it is believed to involve abnormal immune activation in genetically predisposed children, likely triggered by infectious agents. ✅ KD is the leading cause of acquired…
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A Clinical Overview
1. Definition & Core FeaturesAttention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a chronic, neurobiological neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by a persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity–impulsivity that interferes with functioning or development. Symptoms must be inconsistent with developmental level and manifest in two or more settings (e.g., home, school, work), leading to clinically significant impairment in social, academic, or…
Major Depressive Disorder: A Comprehensive Clinical Overview
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), commonly referred to as clinical depression, is a recurrent and potentially debilitating mood disorder characterized by persistent sadness, loss of interest or pleasure (anhedonia), and a constellation of cognitive, behavioral, physical, and social symptoms that significantly impair daily functioning. It affects approximately 280 million people globally, with a lifetime prevalence of…
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS): Mechanism, Evidence, and Clinical Considerations
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive neuromodulation technique that delivers weak, constant direct current (typically 0.5–2 mA) to the cerebral cortex through saline-soaked sponge electrodes placed on the scalp. Unlike transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), tDCS does not directly trigger action potentials; instead, it modulates neuronal membrane potentials in a subthreshold manner—depolarizing neurons under…
Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21): A Comprehensive Overview
DefinitionDown syndrome (DS), or Trisomy 21, is a constitutional chromosomal disorder caused by the presence of an extra full or partial copy of chromosome 21. This additional genetic material disrupts typical embryonic and postnatal development, leading to a characteristic pattern of cognitive, physical, and medical features that vary widely in severity across individuals. Three cytogenetic…
